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Text // Institute of Transportation, Ministry of Transport.Huang Yungui, Huang Xinxun, Zhang Fangxu, Chen Guoyue
Chunghwa Telecommunications Research Institute.Zheng Boshun, Chen Rongyi, Wang Jinghong, Li Zhaohao, Wu Kunrong, Dong Shenglong, Tu Yuanguang
RFID technology applied to road transportation can collect important traffic information such as vehicle flow, average speed, occupancy rate, vehicle type, vehicle stop detection and steering ratio, in addition to access control, tunnel monitoring, train management, and traffic signs The benefits of other transportation applications such as priority, passenger information systems, bus station management and train positioning are more significant.
The use of RFID in the collection and application of traffic information at home and abroad is just in its infancy, and it is a new and extremely challenging topic. The actual use cases are not yet widespread, but in other transportation markets, especially in the access control of parking vehicles, port vehicles and goods, they are becoming more and more popular. The management and control of trains and bus passenger transportation are also from Europe and the United States. The country covers Asian countries, from long-distance transportation to short-distance transportation, from the gradual evolution of goods to vehicles and other transportation applications, which means that the application level is gradually wider and the technical level is becoming deeper and deeper. The following will explain and analyze the information collected by RFID electronic tags and other application cases.
Table 1 Case collection, comparison and analysis of RFID technology in traffic information collection
Traffic Information Collection Project in Berlin, Germany
In 1999, the Berlin City Council conducted a Traffic Data Collection for Central Traffic Monitoring (Traffic Data Collection for Central Traffic Monitoring) in order to establish a new traffic control center.[1]. This plan selects three test points on Adlergestell (three lanes), the main road into Berlin, and installs RFID readers in each lane of each test point to collect the number of passing vehicles, the average speed of the two test points and confirm vehicles category.
This test plan uses the passive RFID system of Traffic Supervision Systems (TSS). The system architecture is to install an electronic tag on the vehicle chassis and an antenna under the road. The reading distance is 1.2 meters, and the readable vehicle speed is 0～180 Km. /hr, please refer to the system architecture diagram in Figure 1. The feature of this system is that the antenna installed under the road can not only read the electronic tag, but also has a metal detection function (similar to the Loop Detector function).
Figure 1 Implementation concept of RFID architecture diagram of Berlin traffic information collection plan
Therefore, the traffic information parameters that this system can collect can detect the time when the vehicle enters the antenna and the time when the vehicle leaves the antenna regardless of whether an electronic tag is installed. With these parameters, the system can calculate the total number of vehicles and the speed of the vehicle at the test point. . As for vehicles with electronic tags, the car ID (electronic tag ID) and the time corresponding to the car ID of this vehicle can be additionally obtained, and the system can use this to calculate the average speed of the two test points and related derivative applications. For example, if it is known that the vehicle is an ambulance, a fire engine or a bus, the vehicle can be controlled in advance to be ready to pass the intersection traffic light, so that this vehicle can pass through first.
Edinburgh City Bus Priority System
The city of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom uses an RFID bus priority system to reduce traffic congestion and speed up traffic operations. Refer to Figure 2. The system uses TIRIS developed by Texas Instruments[2]The car card’s bus priority system automatically provides green lights for buses, reduces traffic congestion, and encourages the use of public transportation.
In the first phase, the Edinburgh City Council installed the TIRIS system on 57 roads to the west of the city. The vehicle cards installed in the 800 vehicles of the City Council fleet will control the change of traffic lights and give priority to public transport vehicles at some of the busiest road intersections in the UK. The most recent phase aims to expand the system as part of the Edinburgh Green Project, which is expected to reduce bus travel time by 10%. The system is currently being extended to more than three A-class highways in the city, controlling 23 new road intersections. The bus priority system attaches a single TIRIS card to each bus. When the bus passes through the coil on the road, the reader/writer on the roadside sends the vehicle identification information to the traffic light control system, and changes the traffic light according to the priority of the vehicle.
The system can provide green lights for buses and other public transportation vehicles, as well as emergency vehicles such as police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks. At present, many other cities are conducting research on this technology, hoping to use this technology to accelerate the operation of public transportation and encourage the use of public transportation.
Information Management of Bus Arrivals and Departures in Shanghai, China
Buses are the most convenient means of transportation for the people of mainland China. In Shanghai alone, more than 200 buses run in different directions and stations. The crowded situation of buses entering and leaving stations and people waiting can be seen. This is especially true during peak hours.
For a long time, however, the management of these bus stations has been carried out manually, such as the collection of traffic management information, the classification of traffic problem inquiries, statistical analysis reports, and vehicle dispatch, which is not only time-consuming and laborious, but also errors occur. From the standpoint of the passenger transport industry, it is always hoped that a relatively small number of buses can be used to provide satisfactory services to passengers, while at the same time, passengers can feel the smooth and efficient transportation and can predict and know the bus information in real time and even the airport shuttle bus information. Serviceable.
Since Shanghai’s bus terminal has used a long-distance RFID system[3], The previous problem has been a good solution. RFID readers are installed at the inbound and outbound stations of the station, and all buses are also equipped with an RFID electronic tag with a unique identification code, and these identification codes are stored in the host database. As soon as the bus enters the station, the RFID reader will automatically read the exclusive identification code of the electronic tag on the bus and activate the green light, and the message will be automatically sent back to the host.
The host automatically records and displays on the screen and displays the name, location, and time of the upcoming bus arrival and departure on the large LED display board to let passengers know when the bus will leave to facilitate passengers to board, just like at an airport Comfortable and convenient. In this way, the RFID management method handles the previous intricate manual and periodic bus and driver statistics within seconds, so that the future work of each bus can be easily controlled by planning and even effectively reduced dispatches, and similar devices It has also gradually received attention and built in mainland China.
Figure 3 Shanghai bus arrival and departure information management
The measurement of car journey time on the Florida highway in the U.S.
U.S. Florida highways began to use RFID electronic tags (E-Pass and SunPass) for electronic toll collection[4], Carry out the measurement of car journey time. In order to improve traffic management and information acquisition, Expressway Authority (OOCEA) is developing a traffic monitoring system based on RFID. This system will use the RFID reader on the roadside to collect the signals of the electronic tags from approximately one million vehicles that have installed E-Pass or SunPass. The electronic tag of this system is installed on the windshield of the car, using the 915MHz Amtech electronic tag produced by Transcore. When a vehicle passes through the communication area of the reader installed on the roadside, the system can track the time of individual vehicles passing through different roadside readers, and then can provide the average journey time information for the public’s reference.
British Vehicle Electronic License Plate Scheme
The new e-Plates plan in the UK will embed active RFID electronic tags in the license plate to confirm the identity of the vehicle in real time. This system will be able to reliably identify any car, no matter when and where, when it is stationary or moving, and in any weather (the previous method of image license plate recognition was used, which is susceptible to heavy rain, dense fog, and dirty license plates). Each electronic license plate contains a unique and encrypted ID number. The reader can read the ID of multiple electronic license plates at a speed of 320 kilometers per hour and 100 meters per hour. Fixed readers and portable readers will form a reader network. When the unique ID of any vehicle is read, the system will be able to real-time and the data related to this vehicle in the back-end database Make comparisons. This electronic license plate plans to carry out a series of value-added applications through the identification of the vehicle in the future, such as access control, electronic payment, vehicle tracking and traffic information management.
Seoul Garbage Truck Access Control
Access control can be applied to places such as public and private parking lots, taxi waiting areas, convoys, container terminals, airports, warehouses, garbage dumps, military bases, restricted access to streets and factories. Traditional manual access control not only wastes manpower, but also restricts traffic flow. If vehicle registration is further required, the cost and error rate of manual access control will tend to be higher. With the automatic vehicle identification process of RFID automatic access control, it can increase efficiency and traffic, save personnel costs and avoid registration errors.
There are 12 million residents in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and about 10,000 garbage trucks drive in 10 different towns every day. The huge garbage management and fees are really a headache. In the past, the punch card was inserted into the card reader of the garbage dump gate for management and charging. The effect was often limited due to poor reading, and the punch card damage rate was about 5% to 10% due to improper operation every year, so it was time-consuming It costs money again.
At present, 12 gateways have installed RFID, and the RFID electronic tag is installed on the windshield of the garbage truck, and its unique identification code has been registered in the back-end database. When the garbage truck reaches the gate of the garbage dump, the gate The RFID reader can automatically and quickly read the unique identification code of the car without stopping, and transmit the data to the back-end database through RS485 for processing and statistical charging, which is accurate, convenient and fast. Moreover, in combination with the weighing of the floor scale, if it is overweight, the garbage truck (with an RFID unique identification code) can be accurately alerted immediately, and the green light will be given to pass if it meets the weight regulations.
Figure 4 Seoul Garbage Truck Access Control
Signal control and speed detection of Oestbanen railway level crossing in Denmark
Oestbanen, Denmark, installed RFID on the level crossing of the train track to monitor the safe progress of the train on the level crossing, effectively eliminating the traditional need to use radio inquiries along the track to monitor the expensive costs at any time. Traditionally, when the train is approaching a railway level crossing, the driver uses the radio warning signal room to change the light. The signal room responds with a confirmation message to the train driver. If the train does not receive the confirmation message, potential danger or malfunction may trigger false alarms.
After the RFID system is enabled, there is no interference from manual operation. The automatic switching of the light switch system near the train level crossing also monitors the position of the train at any time, which is a reliable and effective solution to reduce costs. Two RFID electronic tags are installed on the sleepers 1000 to 1500 meters away from the level crossing. When the train passes by, the RFID reader installed under the train reads the RFID electronic tag identification code and automatically controls it through wireless communication and the control room. The direction of the train is related to the opening of the relevant level crossing, and after passing the level crossing, a position equivalent to the maximum train length is read and the RFID electronic tag on the sleeper is automatically turned off. The train automatically receives a confirmation message from the control room. If it does not receive a potential failure, it will alert the driver to activate the horn on the train to warn people at the intersection and/or start the automatic deceleration of the train. And you can divide the distance between the two tags by the time to get the speed of the train at that time.
Figure 5 Control of level crossing of Oestbanen railway in Denmark
Source: Traffic Supervision Systems
Figure 6 RFID setting of railway level crossing
Examples of Yulon Automotive’s Application of RFID
Yulon Motor believes that the RFID system can improve the overall service quality in the manufacturing and automotive service processes. The vehicle is equipped with a dedicated RFID chip from the time of manufacture. Under the densely distributed reading network in the factory, the manufacturing progress of the vehicle can be grasped at any time. The RFID memory can also store all the information during the manufacturing process, which is convenient for manufacturing management. use. The subsequent sales and distribution process can also provide managers with the most real-time monitoring and management under the dense reading network. At present, it is actually used in production management applications such as the body, paint, and car assembly plants of Yulong Sanyi Field.
In addition, Yulon Motor’s Yutang Warranty Factory in Taichung uses RFID technology to conduct vehicle maintenance tests. Put the RFID label under the hood of the car. RFID is like the identity card of each car. When the car enters the reception area of Yulon’s warranty center, the RFID reader will sense the related maintenance of the car. Information, such as when the car was repaired last time, what went wrong, or what repair services should be done now, and even record the owner’s preference to drink beverages and increase service products. After the RFID is introduced in the warranty field, the process of allowing the car from the reception area, waiting area, maintenance area, inspection area, repair area to the waiting area, the owner can know which area the car has been repaired through the screen, saving it The unnecessary waiting time in the past also makes the repair process transparent. To use RFID in every aspect of the warranty center, there must be no mistakes, and continuous testing is necessary to ensure the read rate of RFID tags, such as putting RFID tags on the engine under the car, which is only known after repeated testing. Even the installation of RFID readers has specially refurbished the floor, and specially made a special floor with grooves for fear of crushing the RFID device.
references
[1] http://www.compprof-rtp.com/tss-tag/(Traffic Supervisions Systems company website)
[2] http://www.ti.com/tiris/(TIRIS product website)
[3] http://www.tagmaster.com(Active 2.45GHz RFID product website)
[4] http://www.transcore.com(Active and passive RFID product website)
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