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What is RFID and market prospects? Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a world-leading automatic identification technology. RFID Radio Frequency Identification is a non-contact automatic identification technology that automatically identifies target objects through radio frequency signals. Relevant data is obtained, identification work does not require manual intervention, and it can work in a variety of harsh environments.
RFID technology can identify high-speed moving objects and can identify multiple tags at the same time, and the operation is quick and convenient.
In July 2006, at the “2006 China Hospital Information Network Conference and the 3rd Sino-American Hospital Information Forum” held in Xi’an, radio frequency identification (RFID) aroused widespread attention from representatives of all parties.
In the past 5 years, with the continuous diversification of the application fields of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, the vibration it brings has become an opportunity.
The passive use of RFID technology in volume-driven vertical markets, such as pharmaceuticals and retail, is increasing, so the market is experiencing tremendous development opportunities.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is changing the medicine and healthcare industry, and the healthcare and medicine market is about to become the most promising vertical market for RFID technology in the future.
In addition to the economy and supply chain, the potential benefits also extend to patient safety and the efficiency of the treatment process.
1. In hospital management, wherever barcodes can be used, RFID can be used instead.
In 2004, the revenue of RFID in the global healthcare and medical application market was 370 million U.S. dollars, and it is predicted that it will grow to 2,318.8 million U.S. dollars by 2011. In terms of medicine and patient tracking, RFID investment is also increasing. In terms of revenue and growth rate in the healthcare and pharmaceutical markets, the US market is the largest application market for RFID, and the growth rate is the fastest, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 31.3%. Growth rates can vary greatly in different geographic regions. The US market is the “engine” of the Americas, followed by Canada, followed by Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East. The drug tracking market is expected to have the strongest compound annual growth rate, approaching 32.8% during the forecast period. Followed by the medical equipment tracking market, the compound annual growth rate is 28.9%.
In recent years, with the continuous deepening of hospital management informatization, more and more automatic identification products have entered medical institutions and become indispensable equipment in hospitals. Globally, the severity of medical errors is very high. According to statistics, the number of deaths caused by medical errors in the United States each year is between 48,000 and 96,000. The number of deaths caused by medical errors is the fifth highest in the number of deaths in the United States. This risk is mainly due to insufficient knowledge and information. , And identification errors. A scientific and reasonable hospital information system can greatly reduce such medical errors.
2. Application of RFID in foreign countries 2.1 Anti-counterfeiting of medicines The International Pharmaceutical Association of America reported that in the United States, drug breaches will cause 12.5 deaths and a cost of 100 billion U.S. dollars each year.
According to statistics, 10% of the drugs in the US drug market are counterfeit drugs, and this proportion has risen to 30% in third world countries. Pressure from the pharmaceutical industry has caused more counterfeit drugs to flow to third world countries and developing countries. Using RFID technology to track medicines is currently the most effective way to fight counterfeit medicines. In the UK, 11% of registration fees are used to pay for errors in medications, and the problem of counterfeit medications is becoming more and more serious. RFID technology can reduce the chance of error and remind distributors to pay attention to counterfeit drugs, expired drugs and recalled drugs when drugs are prescribed to patients.
At present, RFID label and barcode printing technology has been proven to quickly identify counterfeit medicines during delivery. 44 companies in England and Wales participated in the RFID technology test. These companies include community pharmacies, chain pharmacies, hospital pharmacies and clinics. Six pharmaceutical manufacturers also joined the group, including Merck Generics, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Schering Healthcare and Solvay. More than 180,000 medical products ranging from injection needles to the common cold medicine Nurofen were scanned during delivery. About 20,000 medical products have been affixed with barcodes or RFID tags.
When scanning with Aegate’s scanner, if the drug meets the data information in the security database, it can be authorized, and if it does not, it will be denied authorization.
Purdue company applied RFID tags to 100-piece OxyContin(R) medicine bottles to facilitate transportation to the company’s two largest customers. Purdue was one of the first pharmaceutical companies to provide anti-counterfeiting packaging design, and it was also the first company to implement a multi-layer access solution including RFID technology to combat counterfeit narcotic drugs. The FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) informed pharmaceutical companies and pharmacies through a policy guidance that attaching electronic tags to drug packaging will not violate the labeling rules, thus opening the way for the application of RFID technology to protect the safety of the supply of narcotic drugs in the United States .
RFID technology enables manufacturers and retailers to follow the sales process to track products more closely than ever before.
RFID technology will enable the pharmaceutical industry to have the ability to create electronic anesthetic pedigrees or tracking mechanisms, which will lead to stronger logistics security and more accurate anesthetic anti-counterfeiting. Based on the practicality of RFID tags already in use in Maryland and Germany, Purdue plans to expand the use of RFID tags to all bottled OxyContin tablets. Purdue will donate 100 handheld scanners that can read various RFID technology packages to assist law enforcement and the national cargo theft research organization. Texas Instruments and VeriSign have jointly launched an RFID anti-counterfeiting platform to strengthen drug safety and supervision. This anti-counterfeiting platform adopts ISO/IEC standards and 13.56 MHz RFID and PKI (Public Key) technology, and plans to complete the task of cracking down on counterfeit and substandard drugs in two stages. The identifiable RFID model of Texas Instruments and VeriSign can identify finished drugs, and can also verify all drug transactions in the supervisory system outside the working hours of the circulation link infrastructure.
This anti-counterfeiting platform is characterized by identifiable readers and tags in all links from drug production to drug sales to identify finished drugs, thereby strengthening the real-time identification level and enhancing the safety of finished drugs.
3M is a leading supplier of RFID tracking and identification systems, and the identifiable reader is provided by the company.
The purpose of developing this technology is to prevent counterfeit and inferior drugs from circulating on the market through stricter monitoring of the drug production and distribution system. This RFID platform uses real-time, off-grid identification technology to monitor the drug distribution department. This kind of monitoring has the least investment and can make full use of existing infrastructure. The combination of RFID technology and PKI is very beneficial to the identification of special objects, automatic data collection and multi-point identification. When items circulate in various links, such an identification function is required. The identifiable RFID platform adopts the so-called shared key technology, digital signature technology and data encryption technology based on the multi-standard platform, which allows companies to indicate the identity of the owner or confirm the identity of the owner in the process of sending and receiving goods. After adopting PKI technology, items can also be authenticated by an entrusted third party, and encrypted information can be passed between relevant units.
VeriSign is currently providing encryption and authentication services for 93% of Fortune 500 companies and the top ten banks in the United States.
The RFID system can also be used to prevent the distribution of banned drugs. The smart medicine container can monitor the use of tablets. Smart labels and packaging have saved many lives, prevented many diseases, and reduced the cost of care centers.
2.2 Mobile Device Tracking The Presbyterian Medical Center in New Mexico is installing an active RFID system provided by Agility Medical Systems to track more than 6000 mobile devices, such as wheelchairs and infusion pumps.
Presbyterian is the largest acute disease hospital in New Mexico. It has used barcodes to track patients and medical equipment. Currently, the company is using the new wireless LAN to implement RFID.
The University of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital is using the Mobile Aspects inventory management system in the cardiac catheterization and electrophysiology laboratory. This iRIS system can track and record data when the device is moved.
With the increase in operations, the cost of medical equipment has risen very fast, and there is a great need to strengthen the tracking and management of these equipment. The use of RFID technology can also reduce the workload of staff such as manual recording, thereby improving the quality of service to patients. The Small Equipment Management Department of Presbyterian Hospital uses the AgileTrac system to find and transport equipment. The personnel can use the ID number and product model to determine the location of the item to be found in the computer system. This system was installed and put into use within 3 months, and can be extended to other products according to the use effect. The cost of this project is included in the operating expenses and is jointly evaluated by Fahrlander, the hospital’s IT department and the chief information officer And testing, the hospital hopes to get a return on investment within two years.
Legacy Medical Systems in Poland will also use AgileTrac in LegacySalmon Creek Hospital. This system is used in this 6-story, 46,000-square-foot building to track and manage more than 3,500 mobile devices.
Kingsbrook Hospital adopted an electronic medical record system and became the second hospital in the United States to use a Siemens closed-loop medical system. The first was McLeod Medical Center. It is said that McLeod has greatly improved efficiency, saved time, and reduced the use of this system. Mistakes in the operation.
2.3 Infant safety monitoring CareTech is based in Michigan and is a supplier of information technology and health information management systems. It has many users in hospitals and health care systems.
Crittenton Hospital has launched two high-tech systems that can improve the medical safety and care of patients.
An advanced maternal and child matching system has been installed in the pediatrics and maternal and child wards of the hospital, which can ensure the safety of the baby. For example, when the nurse sends the baby to the delivery room, it is guaranteed that there will be no miscarriage of the birth mother; The infant must be a person approved by the hospital.
This baby protection system, nicknamed “Hugs and Kisses-means hug the baby”, is provided by VeriChip. It is actually a baby tracking technology with a small RFID transmitter chip installed on the baby’s condyle.
There is a radio receiving system in the nursery room, and the baby monitoring system will determine the exact location of the baby every 7 seconds, and the diagram is shown on the electronic floor plan, allowing the hospital staff to monitor it conveniently.
The principle of the mother-to-child matching system is that there is an RFID device on the baby’s body and an RFID tag on the mother’s body. The two devices are paired and installed on the mother and the baby when the baby is born. When the mother stretched her arms towards the baby, a soft lullaby sounded, indicating that there was no wrong hug, otherwise it would be a wrong hug. The “Hugs and Kisses” system also supports multiple babies. Both systems have the function of preventing infants from stealing hugs.
In the past 22 years, there have been 100 incidents of stealing babies from hospitals in the United States.
After adopting the high-tech system, if the baby is carried outside the nursing room door for more than 10 seconds and still not put down, or is still held in the hand after passing through the nursing room door, the alarm will sound to warn the nurse.
The surveillance system on the mother and baby was removed when they were discharged from the hospital.
The “Hugs and Kisses” baby monitoring system can continuously update the real-time position information of each baby, and there is a matching device with the biological mother.
After Crittenton Hospital adopts RFID and wireless communication technology, the level of medical care has reached a new level, which has improved the comfort and safety of patients.
2.4 Artificial insemination tracking In the UK, a husband and wife have twins.
The twins were born after a long and difficult test-tube fertilization measures. Regrettably, although the husband and wife are both white, the child born is mixed. It turned out that the clinic in charge of IVF made a big mistake: They used someone else’s sperm to combine with his wife’s egg. Therefore, the biological father of the children is a stranger. Similar accidents have occurred in the United States and the Netherlands. In order to prevent similar mistakes from happening again, the British Artificial Insemination and Embryology Administration decided to label all embryos, eggs and sperm with electronic identification tags. For example, when a mismatched egg and sperm are brought close, or a doctor prepares to implant a mismatched embryo into a mother, the alarm will sound immediately. The electronic tag installed on the bottom of the petri dish containing the embryo can be activated by radio waves in the working area of the clinic. After being activated, the electronic tag will transmit the unique identification code of the embryo. As some people worry that radio waves will harm embryos, the Artificial Insemination and Embryology Administration is testing the safety of this system.
An electronic tagging system developed by Research Instruments in Falmouth, UK, passed experiments on mouse embryos.
The embryos are placed in a petri dish with an electronic tag attached to the bottom, and the petri dish is placed in an incubator equipped with an antenna that can activate the electronic tag.
For 4 consecutive days, the electronic tags were in a state of transmitting information after being activated. As a result, no embryos were found to be affected.
2.5 Follow-up of emergency procedures The emergency room is a place for emergency treatment of patients. Medical staff must provide appropriate medical care for emergency patients in order to grasp the first opportunity for rescue and reduce the patient’s life risk and pain.
Due to the heavy workload of medical staff and their inability to keep track of the environmental conditions of the emergency room and the trends of patients, patients have to endure the pain and anxiety caused by the emergency room environment while waiting. Therefore, in the process of emergency operation, the inability to grasp the patient’s movement has become one of the important factors affecting the length of time for emergency patients. In order to provide medical staff with real-time information on patient trends and visits in the emergency room, reduce the burden of medical staff on finding patients, and facilitate and simplify the work of medical staff and the management of patients.
The patient’s movement information can be automatically collected and recorded in the computer database.
Through the computer mainframe and graphical interface, combined with the identification function of the radio frequency identification system, a radio identification card receiver is installed at the door of each department in the emergency process, and the time and address information are added to the system function of the receiver.
Medical staff only need to operate through the graphical interface to search for the real-time (Real Time) movement position of the patient during the emergency procedure.
The radio frequency identification module can record multiple patient movement data, and the graphical interface functions are completed: (1) provide real-time patient movement, (2) count the total number of people in the emergency room, (3) actively provide emergency services that have been waiting for too long Patient list, (4) Store the complete information of the emergency patient’s consultation process, and provide experts to analyze the patient’s consultation process to improve the emergency process in the emergency room.
The RFID chip is very useful for patients who are unconscious when they are sent to the emergency room; at the same time, it can help reduce errors in diagnosis and treatment or prescribing drugs.
After VeriChip can be used legally for medical purposes in the United States, this kind of implantable identification device has emerged one after another. Dr. John Halamka of Harvard Medical School implanted a VeriChip identification microchip himself. This kind of chip about the size of a rice grain is specially used to inject into the adipose tissue of the arm. Afterwards, it can call up personal information, such as name, blood type, and medical records, through a method similar to barcode scanning. There is an Applied Data Solution Company (ADS) in the United States that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to implant RFID-containing chips in the human body and shake the world. Before this product was approved by the FDA for implantation in the human body, ADS announced that the VeriChip chip they developed has been implanted in more than 1,000 people in addition to more than 1 million pets. The VeriChip chip is about the size of rice grains and is implanted under the skin of the upper arm of the human body by injection. When used, the weak radio waves emitted by the dedicated scanner penetrate the skin and reach the chip, instructing the chip to send out the identification information of the implanter and send it to the data management through the network Center, and finally the data center interprets the personal data and medical records of the implanter. Through ADS’s global positioning of customers, the customer’s location, identity and medical data can be sent to medical institutions, helping hospitals to carry out medical care at the fastest speed. In the United States, the cost of VeriChip chip implantation in the human body is US$150 to US$200, and the monthly usage fee is about US$10. The U.S. government agreed to attach radio frequency electronic tags (RFID) like bandages to patients’ surgical sites to ensure that doctors perform appropriate operations on appropriate patients. The purpose of this label produced by SurgiChip is to prevent erroneous operations.
Thousands of patients are killed every year in the United States due to mistaken operations.
SurgiChip is the first to obtain FDA approval to produce radio frequency electronic tags for surgery.
2.6 Blood flow tracking Radio frequency technology is applied to blood collection work. Anyone who cannot donate blood for life will be automatically identified by the system and refused to donate blood. This will effectively control the infection of blood recipients due to blood transfusion.
In the near future, clinical blood recipients will receive an electronic label while using blood. The situation of blood donors will be clear at a glance. The current situation of medical lawsuits and evidence collection caused by blood transfusion will change. At present, blood stations at all levels in our country do not have a unified blood process quality control management system so far, and they are unable to do anything about the window period for AIDS and hepatitis C testing. Radio frequency technology is applied to blood collection work, which can automatically identify objects and obtain relevant data. Moreover, anyone who has been tested for HIV or hepatitis C virus and other life-long blood donors can be issued a “lifetime ban on donation” through the nationwide network, no matter when and where they appear in the blood collection point in the future, they will be automatically identified by the system. Refusal to donate blood.
Patients who use blood for clinical use can also get an electronic chip that contains the same information as the hospital blood bank or blood station. Once it is suspected that the blood will be infected in the future, the electronic chip becomes a powerful physical evidence.
The workflow of RFID in the blood management system (as shown in the figure): The blood management system is used as a demonstration of the information network architecture, and the purpose is to track blood information at blood collection points, blood bank transfer points, and blood use points.
After blood collection, each bag of blood is affixed with an RFID tag. This tag contains an RFID code to uniquely identify the blood. The detailed information of the blood can be queried through this RFID code.
The staff passes each bag of blood through a reader equipped with an antenna. The RFID code contained in the RFID tag is automatically read through the processing of the middleware, and then the information of the collected blood is stored in the database, and the RFID is stored at the same time. The code and blood bank address are registered in the local object name resolution service (LocalONS), and the LocalONS and RFID code are registered in the root object name resolution service (RootONS) of the National Blood Information Center. The database of each blood bank must record the address of the source blood bank And the address of the outgoing blood bank.
The RFID code read through the reader first finds LocalONS in the National Information Center RootONS, finds the registered IP address in LocalONS, finds the IP address and obtains the relevant blood information stored in the address, and then records it through the blood bank Find the information of other addresses in the order of the blood outgoing address, and so on, until the found address does not record the blood outgoing address. At this time, it proves that the blood has been used or reported damage, and then find all the information of the blood user. This blood information tracking is complete.
2.7 Biological sample identification Research institutes in 4 French hospitals are using RFID electronic tags to identify biological samples stored in liquid nitrogen.
Tagsys said that four hospitals near their headquarters have adopted this system on certain test tubes containing biological samples including cancer and stem cell research.
Experiments have proved that their Ario SDM label can operate in the extremely cold environment of the laboratory.
This label is placed on liquefied nitrogen and can withstand the lowest temperature -320?F (-196?C). When they are exposed to the air, they can withstand up to 257?F (125?C). Paoli Calmettes, located in Marseille, France, tested 13.56M RFID tags two years ago. In their first test, they stored the Ario SDM (Small Disc Module) label in liquefied nitrogen and embedded it in the lid of a 100 test tube. Test whether this label can withstand extreme low temperatures for a long period of time for up to 6 months. In the second round of 6-month testing, they used 1,000 tags to perform the same experiment, but they also took the tags out of the extreme low temperature and exposed them to the air from time to time to see if they could withstand such a large temperature change. These 4 hospitals have embedded such labels on more than 200,000 test tubes. Two sets of RFID readers are installed in each laboratory. An Ario SDM readable and writable tag has 2K bytes of memory, which is mainly used to store the unique serial number and password. The serial number of each test tube label is linked to a database of important information contained in the test tube, including patient data, medical conditions and other variables. The software for this system was developed by Cybernétix, an expert in robotics and automation.
The function of the software is mainly to manage the reader and the database, and locate a specific test tube in the laboratory. These laboratories use fixed desktop computers and lightweight RFID handheld readers provided by TAGSYS, which can read about 30 tags per second. 100 test tubes can be placed on each experimental tray. This system can quickly locate a specific test tube on the experimental tray. The reason why the RFID system can replace the barcode system here is that the barcode is easily torn off from the test tube, so it is not reliable. The RFID technology allows test tubes to be identified faster and more accurately, so that the laboratory can monitor pathological samples more frequently and in a more standardized manner.
2.8 Corpse tracking After exposure to the black market trading scandal of human organs, the University of California is considering the use of barcodes or radio frequency identification devices to track corpses.
This decision is one of the reforms of the University of California. The University of California will re-inform the public that the corpses donated for research will be properly used and treated.
Michael Drake, Associate Dean of the Department of Health at the University of California, said: “We hope that these measures will be effective, maintain our public trust, and let them know that we are doing everything we can to make these donations important.
“Every year, thousands of corpses are donated to organ tissues and medical schools in the United States. Skins, bones and other organs are used for organ transplants, and new medical equipment can also be tested for safety, for medical students. Provide anatomical and surgical materials.
But despite legal restrictions, some profitable underground organ trades still exist.
The Willed Body project at the University of California, Los Angeles was stopped by the court because an administrator was detained after being involved in the trafficking of human organs.
In 1996, the school was sued by the donor’s family, complaining that the corpse was illegally disposed of in this project, the corpse was incinerated together with the laboratory dead animals, and the ashes were dumped into the garbage.
In 1999, an administrator of the Irvine project at the University of California was fired on suspicion of selling organs to a hospital.
If a barcode or radio frequency identification device is placed on the corpse, the target can be identified by a handheld reader, and RFID devices are also placed on separate organs that they are still studying.
3 RFID in the domestic development situation At present, the hospital’s demand for RFID is mainly concentrated in the following aspects: First, identity recognition.
Including patient’s identification, doctor’s identification.
The second is sample identification.
Including blood samples, chemical test identification, drug identification, equipment identification and other methods of identification, as well as other medical record identification, these are very important in the hospital information system.
Its emergence solves the problems of specimen loss, specimen owner registration error, specimen contamination, etc. during the sample inspection process.
The third is to improve the efficiency of data entry.
In addition, RFID can also be used for information recognition technologies including voice recognition (doctor’s advice), handwriting recognition OCR (prescription), and so on, all of which have great application potential.
These new applications have now been promoted in China and are increasingly attracting wide attention from hospital administrators.
Experts believe that the future of wristbands in Chinese hospitals is very good. It is very useful for medical units with a good foundation of information technology and has great potential.
I believe that with the development of informatization in Chinese hospitals, it will attract the attention of the Ministry of Health and the Department of Medical Administration and become a rule for inpatients to be written into the medical guidance regulations: all inpatients must have identification marks and be automatically identified by computers. So as to ensure accuracy and efficiency in any medical treatment.
RFID technology is an extension of barcode identification technology in some respects. Its most important feature is to support moving objects, and the biggest bottleneck is still cost.
In hospital management, wherever barcodes can be used, RFID can be used instead, but in view of its cost, combined with the current status of hospital informatization, RFID technology will be prioritized only in places that place great emphasis on mobility.
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