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I. Introduction
The RFID system is an automatic identification technology that uses induction, radio waves or microwave energy for non-contact two-way communication to realize the purpose of identifying and exchanging data. It automatically recognizes the target object and obtains relevant data through radio frequency signals, and the recognition work does not require human intervention. As a wireless version of barcode, RFID technology has the advantages of waterproof, antimagnetic, high temperature resistance, long service life, long reading distance, data on the label can be encrypted, storage data capacity larger, and storage information change freely that the barcode does not have. Radio frequency identification technology is an automatic identification technology that has matured from the 1980s, and has been rapidly developed since the 1990s. Nowadays, the application of RFID has been quite extensive, such as the prohibition and control of personnel entry and exit, management of recyclable assets, management of goods in logistics transportation, non-stop toll collection, bus smart cards, and so on.
2. RFID technology and system
A typical radio frequency identification system consists of two parts: they are radio frequency cards and readers. A radio frequency card is also called a transponder or an electronic tag. Several of its main modules are integrated into a chip to complete communication with the reader. There is a memory part on the chip to store identification numbers or other data, such as license plate number, car model, and car owner. Name etc. The chip periphery only needs to be connected with an antenna, which can be used as a personal identification card or an identification card for goods. The reader is also called a transceiver or an interrogator. It consists of a transmitting unit, a receiving unit, a signal processing control unit, and a power supply. It sends a radio frequency modulation signal (also called an interrogation signal) to the RFID card through an antenna, and at the same time receives a radio frequency modulation signal (also called a response signal) that contains information in the RFID card from the RFID card through the antenna, and transmits it to the intelligent control after processing. equipment. The basic working process of the radio frequency identification system is: the reader sends a radio frequency signal of a certain frequency through the transmitting antenna, and when the radio frequency card enters the working area of the transmitting antenna, an induced current is generated, and the radio frequency card gains energy and is activated; the radio frequency card passes its own encoding and other information through the card The built-in transmitting antenna sends it out; the system receiving antenna receives the carrier signal sent from the radio frequency card, and transmits it to the reader through the antenna adjuster. The reader demodulates and decodes the received signal and then sends it to the background main system for related processing; The main system judges the legitimacy of the card according to the logic operation, makes corresponding processing and control for different settings, and sends out instruction signals to control the action of the actuator. The functions of the control unit of the reader include: communicating with the application system software and executing the commands sent by the application system software; controlling the communication process with the radio frequency card (master-slave principle); signal encoding and decoding. For some special systems, there are additional functions such as implementing anti-collision algorithms, encrypting and decrypting the data to be transmitted between the radio frequency card and the reader, and performing identity verification between the radio frequency card and the reader.
3. Typical application cases of RFID technology in transportation and ports
1.Shenzhen Customs Vehicle Automatic Identification System Engineering Application Case
Shenzhen Customs is one of China’s major port customs. All registered vehicles in the customs are equipped with fixed electronic license plates with vehicle identification information in accordance with regulations, and all registered drivers are required to receive a driver card with driver identification information. When the vehicle arrives at the customs of entry (exit), the system automatically obtains the electronic license plate and driver’s card information through the microwave reader (Reader), and obtains the vehicle weight information through the electronic platform scale (if it is loaded, it also uses the barcode reader to obtain the load) The barcode information of the list), and then the data is encrypted and transmitted to the customs host. After checking and confirming with the database data in the customs host, the information is returned for inspection. If the customs clearance vehicle is a legal vehicle, the system automatically releases it, and at the same time writes the vehicle clearance information to the electronic license plate in real time. If the customs clearance vehicle is an abnormal vehicle, the system will alarm and intercept it, and wait for the customs officer to deal with it. After the customs officer has completed the processing, it will issue a vehicle release instruction to the system or go to the vehicle inspection yard for inspection. After using the electronic license plate clearance system, the vehicle can pass through without stopping. It only takes 20 seconds to pass the inspection and release section of the channel with weighing platform. The maximum clearance speed of each channel of the inspection and release channel can reach 150 vehicles per hour, and the inspection and release speed has been increased by eight times. , The number of channels is reduced by 75%, which greatly improves efficiency, saves manpower, eliminates the interference of human factors such as artificial omission, misreading, and non-reading, and relieves the increasingly serious phenomenon of vehicle congestion at the port. “Contradiction with “Quick Customs Clearance”. Shenzhen’s use of RFID tags as the vehicle and driver identity information carrier channel application project has been fully verified. “Electronic license plates” have therefore been recognized by the General Administration of Customs as “legal technical equipment” for land and customs clearance vehicles, and have been gradually promoted by customs across the country.
The main feature of this application: Electronic license plates (RFID tags) use UHF (902～928MHz) frequency band passive cards, which can be used repeatedly without maintenance for a long time. The electronic license plate is installed on the front windshield glass of the vehicle with anti-dismantling technology, forming a unique correspondence with the vehicle, becoming the only electronic identity mark of the vehicle, and the vehicle’s identity information is strictly fixed on the vehicle. Using dual-card microwave coupling technology, the glass-medium electronic license plate and the air-medium driver card installed on the vehicle can work simultaneously in the same microwave environment, which realizes the supervision of the vehicle and the supervision of the driver at the same time. Realize the comparison and verification of the corresponding legality of people and vehicles.
2.Case Study of Hunan Province Regional Vehicle Automatic Identification Management System (HNAVIM)
“Hunan Province Regional Vehicle Automatic Identification Management System” was approved by the provincial government as a part of the Hunan region in the national “Golden Shield Project” unified plan, and became a basic construction project covering the whole province of Hunan Public Security and Information. The Hunan Provincial Regional Vehicle Automatic Identification Management System uses the RFID resource-based application system technology developed by the technical team to survey and establish information resource points in the road traffic network in the administrative area of Hunan Province. Thousands of base stations have been built. The constituted “AVIM” base station network, uniformly equipped with “passive electronic identification cards for vehicles” (electronic license plates) for cars driving in the whole province, and use this base station network to manage and control all-round, multi-layered, and non-contact Vehicles traveling within the territory and the implementation of road network traffic monitoring. At the same time, it collects, manages and controls the obtained information resources related to vehicles and driving in the province, and uses these resources to complete 34 intelligent transportation system user service projects for 33 types of users in the province. Through the construction of this project, a “automobile account” clearing and settlement platform was established in Hunan at the same time to provide “non-cash non-stop transaction services” for car owners in the system, and promote the development of electronic finance in the road transportation field in the whole province. All cars operating throughout Hunan are equipped with “automotive digital standard information sources”, also called “electronic license plates”, and make them a “front-end technology platform” for Hunan public security traffic management. The whole system consists of the following major parts: constructing the “system base station network” required to cover and control the province’s road network, constructing the system operation management and control center and sub-centers (including a series of databases), constructing the system operation management center and sub-centers, and constructing the whole The province’s “automobile-specific account clearing and settlement platform” will build a commercial base station group that meets 33 types of users. The total scale of the project is: “electronic license plates” for 1.5 million vehicles in the province (including 100,000 temporary cards for transit vehicles); 2,700 type 6 and type 8 base stations have been built to form a “system base station network”; Operate the control center, four sub-centers and databases; build an operation management center, four sub-centers; build a “clearing and settlement” platform based on the Construction Bank serving the whole province.
3.Case of Shanghai Port International Container Electronic License Plate Recognition System
The issuance of the electronic license plate of the Shanghai Port International Container Electronic License Plate Recognition System involves more than 500 transportation companies, the registration, card making, sticking of cards, one inspection of more than 12,000 vehicles, as well as the automated operation of the port and the training of drivers. Aiming at the characteristics of facing many objects and requiring fast response time. Therefore, the existing terminals and ports in Shanghai have adopted the automated application of RFID; at the same time, the construction of the electronic license plate recognition system in the Shanghai Yangshan Port Dangerous Goods Zone and Luchao Inspection Zone will also be in full swing. This has extremely important influence and significance on the promotion of electronic license plates for all operating vehicles in Shanghai and the promotion of Shanghai RFID vehicle automatic identification application projects.
4. Opportunities and challenges faced by the application of RFID technology
With the widespread application of RFID technology, especially the promotion of non-contact bus cards, campus cards and other projects in various places, a group of chip, packaging, reading and writing terminal and system integration manufacturers have been cultivated. These domestic manufacturers have mastered mature technologies and have initially Formed the domestic RFID industry chain. The RFID industry chain is mainly composed of the following parts: standard formulation, chip design, label packaging (including antenna design), identification system design and production, system integration and management software development.
For now, domestic system integrators have certain large-scale system integration capabilities, but they mainly use foreign software products. The RFID system software processes and analyzes the large amount of data generated by the RFID system, and provides users with truly useful information. It is a key link related to the smooth promotion of RFID, and it is also the highest segment of the RFID industry value chain in the future. Compared with the efforts of large foreign software companies to develop RFID system software, domestic software companies seldom intervene in RFID system software development. In this regard, domestic capabilities differ greatly from those of foreign countries.
5. Conclusions and prospects
In China, relevant government departments have fully realized the importance of RFID technology and have given strong support to the industry. Although domestic chip companies started late in the design of RFID chips, with the rapid development of the domestic chip design industry in the last 10 years, the gap with the international chip design level has been narrowed. Domestic companies have complete RFID chip design. The opportunity to catch up, or even exceed the technical level of foreign chip companies. It is believed that with the vigorous development of China’s Internet of Things technology, the application prospects of RFID technology will be broader.
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