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In response to the long-term care needs brought about by the aging population structure, governments of various countries have formulated policies, hoping to use Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G, GPS and RFID and other wireless technologies to build a mobile medical network; and in remote care and other issues Fermentation also drives the medical industry to enter the next brand-new application stage in conjunction with the Internet of Things.
1. The main application of the Internet of Things technology in the field of smart medical care
The main application technologies of the Internet of Things technology in the field of intelligent medical care mainly lie in three aspects: material management visualization technology, medical information digital technology, and medical process digital technology.
(1) Monitoring and management of medical devices and drugs
With the help of RFID technology, visualization technology that has been widely used in material management of medical institutions can realize the production, distribution, anti-counterfeiting and traceability of medical devices and drugs, avoid public medical safety issues, and realize drug tracking and equipment tracking, which can be used from scientific research and production. , All-round real-time monitoring from flow to use, effectively improving medical quality and reducing management costs.
According to reports from the World Health Organization, the proportion of counterfeit medicines worldwide has exceeded 10%, with sales exceeding 32 billion yuan. Relevant data from the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association show that at least 200,000 people die from the wrong or improper use of drugs every year, and 11% to 26% of the number of unqualified drug users. And about 10% of cases of medication errors. Therefore, RFID technology plays an important role in tracking and monitoring drugs and equipment, and rectifying and regulating the medical supplies market.
Specifically, the application direction of the Internet of Things technology in the field of material management has the following aspects:
1. Anti-counterfeiting of medical equipment and drugs.
The identification mark attached to the product is unique and difficult to copy. It can play a role in querying information and anti-counterfeiting. It will be a very important measure to investigate and deal with counterfeit and shoddy products. For example, by transmitting drug information to a public database, patients or hospitals can check the contents of the label with the records in the database to easily identify counterfeit drugs.
2. Real-time monitoring throughout the process.
RFID tags can be monitored in all directions during the entire process of medicines from scientific research, production, circulation to use. Especially when the product leaves the factory, when the product is automatically packaged by itself, the reader installed in the production line can automatically identify the information of each drug and transmit it to the database. During the circulation process, the intermediate information can be recorded at any time to implement full-line monitoring.
3. Medical spam information management.
Through the cooperation of different hospitals and transportation companies, a traceable medical waste tracking system can be established with the help of RFID technology to realize the whole process of tracking the medical waste to the treatment plant and avoid the illegal treatment of medical waste.
(2) Digital hospital
The Internet of Things has broad application prospects in medical information management and other aspects. At present, the needs of hospitals for medical information management are mainly concentrated in the following aspects: identity recognition, sample recognition, and medical record recognition. Among them, identity recognition mainly includes patient’s identity recognition and doctor’s identity recognition; sample recognition includes drug recognition, medical device recognition, chemical test product recognition, etc.; medical record recognition includes patient status recognition, physical sign recognition, etc.
Specific applications are divided into the following aspects:
1. Patient information management
The patient’s family medical history, past medical history, various examinations, treatment records, drug allergies and other electronic health files can help doctors formulate treatment plans; doctors and nurses can monitor patient vital signs, treatment and chemotherapy, and other real-time information, Put an end to the use of wrong medicines, wrong injections, etc., and automatically remind nurses to perform medicine distribution and inspections.
2. Medical emergency management
In special situations such as many wounded, unable to obtain family members, and critically ill patients, the reliable and efficient information storage and inspection methods of RFID technology can be used to quickly realize the identification of patients, determine their names, ages, blood types, emergency contact numbers, etc. Past medical history, family members and other relevant detailed information, and completion of admission registration procedures, have bought valuable time for emergency patients to treat.
In particular, 3G video equipment is installed in ambulances. On the way to the hospital, the emergency room can first understand the patient’s physiological condition and strive for golden rescue opportunities. If the location is remote, a telemedicine imaging system can even be used for emergency rescue. .
3. Medicine storage.
Apply RFID technology to the storage, use, and inspection process of drugs, simplify manual and paper record processing, prevent shortages and facilitate drug recalls, avoid confusion between similar drug names, dosages and dosage forms, and strengthen drug management. Ensure timely and prepared medicine supply.
4. Blood information management.
The application of RFID technology to blood management can effectively avoid the disadvantages of small barcode capacity, realize non-contact identification, reduce blood pollution, realize multi-target identification, and improve data collection efficiency.
5. Mistake prevention of pharmaceutical preparations.
By adding an error prevention mechanism in the process of taking medicines and dispensing medicines, it is realized in the links of prescription issuance, dispensing, nursing administration, patient medication, drug effect tracking, drug inventory management, drug supplier purchase, shelf life and preservation environmental conditions. Information management of drug preparations, confirming the types of preparations used by patients, recording the flow of patient use, and keeping batch numbers, etc., to avoid medication errors and ensure safe medication use by patients.
6. Traceability of medical devices and drugs.
By accurately recording the identity of items and patients, including basic information about product use, specific product information involved in adverse events, areas where the same quality problem product may occur, patients involved in the problem product, and the location of the unused problem product, etc., Trace back to defective products and related patients, control all unused medical devices and drugs, and provide strong support for accident handling.
7. Information sharing and interconnection.
Through the sharing and interconnection of medical information and records, a developed comprehensive medical network is integrated and formed. On the one hand, authorized doctors can check the patient’s medical records, medical history, treatment measures and insurance details. Patients can also choose or change doctors and hospitals on their own. On the other hand, it supports township and community hospitals to achieve seamless connection with central hospitals in terms of information, and can obtain expert advice, arrange referrals, and receive training in real time.
8. Newborn anti-theft system.
Combine the obstetrics and gynecology department of a large general hospital or the maternal and child identification management, infant anti-theft management, and channel authority of the women’s and children’s hospital to prevent outsiders from entering and leaving at will. In particular, after the baby is born, an “RFID wristband” that can mark the unique identity of the baby should be worn, and the baby’s information and the mother’s information have a unique correspondence. To determine whether the wrong baby is held, just compare the mother The baby’s “RFID wristband” information is sufficient, which avoids the occurrence of the accident of the baby holding the wrong baby.
9. Alarm system.
Through real-time monitoring and tracking of medical equipment and patients in the hospital, it is indicated that the patient sends an emergency call for help, prevents the patient from leaving without permission, prevents the damage or theft of valuable devices, and protects temperature-sensitive drugs and laboratory samples.
(3) Telemedicine monitoring
Telemedicine monitoring mainly uses the Internet of Things technology to build a patient-centered remote consultation and continuous monitoring service system based on critically ill patients. The original intention of telemedicine monitoring technology is to reduce the number of patients entering hospitals and clinics.
According to a 2005 report by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), approximately 50% of Americans suffer from at least one chronic disease, and their treatment costs account for more than 3/4 of the US 2 trillion medical expenditure. In addition to the high cost of high-tech treatment and surgery, doctors spend about billions of dollars on routine examinations, laboratory tests, and other monitoring services.
With the advancement of telemedicine technology, high-precision sensors have been able to achieve effective communication within the body-area of patients, and the focus of telemedicine monitoring has gradually shifted from improving lifestyles to providing timely life-saving information. , Exchange medical plans.
In practical applications, the relevant health information of the residents of the community can be transmitted to the rear through wireless and video methods to establish personal medical files and improve the quality of primary medical services; allow doctors to conduct virtual consultations and provide primary hospitals with the intellectual support of experts from large hospitals. High-quality medical resources are extended to primary-level medical institutions; a remote continuing education service system for clinical cases will be constructed to improve the quality of continuing education for medical staff in primary-level hospitals.
1. The application of RFID to help the elderly live independently.
Computer scientists at the University of Adelaide are leading a project to develop a new RFID sensor system to show that elderly people can live independently and safely care for. Researchers use RFID and sensor technology to automatically identify and monitor human activities; to be able to determine the normal routine maintenance of individuals, and to provide timely assistance when danger comes, has great potential value in the age of population.
The input cost of the system is low, there are no privacy issues and intensive monitoring and monitoring, and the monitored object (the elderly) does not need to wear additional items.
2. The application of smart wheelchairs.
The task of the smart wheelchair is to safely and conveniently send the user to the destination and complete the set task. In the process of movement, the wheelchair not only needs to accept the user’s instructions, but also needs to combine environmental information to activate its own obstacle avoidance, navigation and other functional modules. Unlike mobile robots, the wheelchair and the user become a cooperative system during use.
In the process of movement, the wheelchair not only needs to accept the user’s instructions, but also needs to combine environmental information to activate its own obstacle avoidance, navigation and other functional modules. Unlike mobile robots, the wheelchair and the user become a cooperative system during use. This requires that the human factor should be taken into consideration at the beginning of the design. Therefore, safety, comfort and ease of operation should be the most important factors in the design of smart wheelchairs; the difference in the physical capabilities of users determines that smart wheelchairs need to be designed as An electronic system with diversified functions that can meet the needs of multiple levels, and modularity can best reflect the multi-functional characteristics of the system. Each user can choose the appropriate module integration according to his own disability type and degree, and the designer can By adding functional modules on the existing basis, it is convenient to improve the functions of the wheelchair.
The total functions of the smart wheelchair can be divided into the following sub-functions: environment perception and navigation functions, control functions, driving functions and human-computer interaction functions. Through the functional analysis and module division of the smart wheelchair, combined with the specific research content and expected control objectives, the system is mainly composed of three parts: sensor module, drive control module and human-computer interaction module. The sensor module is mainly composed of internal state perception and external environment perception. The position and attitude information of the wheelchair is determined by the attitude sensor; the self-positioning information is obtained through the displacement speed and distance of the encoder; the vision, ultrasonic and proximity switches are mainly responsible for continuous acquisition Distance information of the surrounding environment and obstacles. The drive control module adopts a rear-wheel drive method, each rear wheel is equipped with an electric motor, and the electric wheelchair can be moved forward, backward and steering under the operation of the controller. The human-computer interaction interface consists of two ways of data input by the joystick and the personal computer interface to realize the basic human-computer interaction function.
The smart wheelchair has 2 independent driving wheels, each equipped with a motor code disc. The real-time detection data of two motor code discs constitutes an odometer-type relative positioning sensor. At the same time, an inclination sensor and a gyroscope are installed to measure the posture state of the wheelchair during the travel. Ultrasonic sensors and proximity switches are used to perceive information about the surrounding environment. In order to obtain obstacle information in a larger range, the system is equipped with 8 infrared sensors and 8 ultrasonic sensors. In addition, a CCD camera is installed to determine the depth information in the forward travel distance.
The balance of the car body can be completed by only relying on two wheels. This salient feature requires it to have a special structure. The basic design idea is to keep the two wheels driven by independent DC motors and be on one axis. The center of gravity of the car body is kept above the axle, and the inclination angle of the car body is detected. The sensor acquires the posture information of the car body in real time, and the processor of the robot processes the sensor signal, calculates the control quantity according to a certain control algorithm, controls the speed and steering of the motor, drives the robot forward or backward, and completes the balance of the car body.
The smart wheelchair uses a combination of an inclination sensor and a gyroscope to form an attitude sensor to detect the running attitude of the vehicle body platform. The inclination sensor is used to measure the angle that the wheelchair deviates from the vertical direction, and the gyroscope is used to measure the angular velocity.
3. Mobile medical treatment.
By monitoring some vital signs such as body temperature and heartbeat, a physical condition including the person’s weight, cholesterol content, fat content, protein content and other information is established for each client, and the human health status is analyzed in real time, and physiological indicator data is fed back to the community, Nursing staff or related medical units can provide customers with advice on diet adjustments and medical care in a timely manner. They can also provide scientific research materials for hospitals and research institutes.
4. Application of RFID wristband.
In the near future, mobile phones will become everyone’s personal doctor.
Everyone probably feels it personally. It is very common to queue up for registration in the hospital. Waiting and anxiety are the most common expressions on people’s faces. This suffering can sometimes be more tormenting than illness. Patients complained about the difficulty of seeing a doctor, and the hospital was overwhelmed by the thousands of outpatients every day. But in the near future, these will change. Experts will “live in” the mobile phone, and the mobile phone will become everyone’s personal doctor. This is the prospect of the healthy Internet of Things that Yu Mengsun, vice chairman of the Chinese Society of Biomedical Engineering and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, gave people yesterday.
Everyone who is sick wants to see an expert, but there are few experts, how can they serve everyone? But this will become a reality in the future. The most important thing for experts is experience, and these experiences are often accumulated based on the data pointers obtained by patients when they are sick. If a database of expert experience can be accumulated, when the parameters of this database are sufficiently rich, as long as the patients make themselves sick Enter the parameter pointer of the database, and the database will automatically see the patient, and this database will ultimately be the “robot expert”.
These jerky databases may not be understood by many citizens, but for example, if an expert specializes in cancer, then as long as he collects enough treatment plans of the expert, these treatment plans combined with the patient’s pathological indicators will establish an expert. For example, when the database pointers of 10,000 leukemia patients are collected, there are 10,000 solutions for the treatment of leukemia in this database. That is to say, an ordinary leukemia patient only needs to enter various laboratory parameters into this In the database, the database will automatically generate a treatment plan based on previous expert experience, and this treatment plan is the expert’s daily treatment experience. Such a database will eventually become software built into the mobile phone. Once sick, the software in the mobile phone will automatically treat the patient, and if there is an unjudgeable situation, the expert will personally go out and treat the patient through the Internet. By then, every citizen’s mobile phone will be a “robot personal doctor.”
5. Application of GPS to locate people with heart disease.
Everyone has to build his own health database. If a person with heart disease has established a digital health file, once the heart rate becomes abnormal or even high-risk, the data will be immediately transmitted back to our system. Through GPS positioning, we can help the patient to immediately dial 120 and contact the nearest hospital for assistance.
This is a simple application of the Internet of Things, but in the future, every citizen will have a physical examination device in his home. The citizen only needs to put his palm on the device, and the device will collect blood pressure, heartbeat, pulse, body temperature and other factors. In the future, even some simple tests can be completed on the equipment, and the data collected will be automatically transmitted to the data center of the hospital. Once a situation occurs, the doctor will prompt admission to the hospital for further examination or take treatment measures nearby. If necessary, people’s physical examinations may be carried out every day in the future.
6. As long as “one card, one wristband” for medical treatment.
Every time they enter the subway, people feel very relaxed, and everything will be solved by swiping the card.
In the health Internet of Things, seeing a doctor is like taking the subway, as long as one card is all solved.
In the medical process, the patient uses the ID card as the only legal identification to scan on a specific automatic card application machine (reader), and deposit a certain amount of reserve funds, which will be generated by the automatic card application machine in a few seconds An “RFID medical card” (a special medical insurance card can also be used) to complete the registration. The patient can directly go to any department for treatment with the card. The system automatically transmits the patient information to the doctor’s workstation in the corresponding department. During the diagnosis and treatment, the doctor’s examination, medication and treatment information will be transmitted to the corresponding department. With the “RFID medical card” scanned on the reader of the relevant department, you can check, take medicine, and treat. It is no longer necessary to travel back and forth due to pricing and payment. After the consultation, you can print the invoice and expense list at the charging office with your card.
In addition, the “RFID medical card” corresponds to the “RFID wristband” used in hospitals, which includes the patient’s name, gender, age, occupation, registration time, consultation time, diagnosis time, examination time, cost and other information. The acquisition of patient identification information does not require manual input, and the data can be encrypted, ensuring the only source of patient identification information, avoiding possible errors caused by manual input, and encryption to maintain data security. In addition, the wristband has a positioning function, so people wearing the wristband can no longer sneak out of the hospital.
When someone forcibly removes the “RFID wristband” or the patient exceeds the scope specified by the hospital, the system will give an alarm; wear an “RFID wristband” that monitors vital signs (respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure, pulse) and sets the “critical value” With “, it can monitor the changes of vital signs 24 hours a day, when the “critical value” is reached, the system will automatically alarm immediately, so that the medical staff can intervene in the first time. In the medical process, work such as inspection, photography, surgery, drug delivery, etc. can be performed on the patient through the “RFID wristband” to confirm the patient’s information, and record the start time of each work to ensure that all levels of Class-like medical staff and inspectors implement medical orders in place without errors, so as to implement full quality control of the entire diagnosis and treatment process.
Patients can check the occurrence of medical expenses at any time on the designated reader through the “RFID wristband”, and can print out the cost results, as well as medical insurance policies, rules and regulations, nursing guidance, medical plans, drug information, etc., so as to improve The ease and satisfaction of patients with access to medical information.
Second, the technical problems of the Internet of Things in the application of medical care
At present, there are still several technical problems to be solved in the medical care application of the Internet of Things:
1. Dynamic networking and node mobility management in large-scale networks: When the monitoring system expands to communities, cities, or even the whole country, the network scale is huge, and the monitoring nodes and base stations have certain mobility. Therefore, a suitable network topology management structure and node mobility management method must be designed.
2. Data integrity and data compression: Nodes sometimes need to monitor human body parameters for up to 24 hours. The amount of collected data is large, but the storage capacity is small. Compression algorithms are often used to reduce the amount of data storage and transmission. However, the traditional The high cost of data compression algorithm is not suitable for sensor nodes. In addition, the compression algorithm cannot damage the original data, otherwise it will cause misdiagnosis.
3. Data security: Wireless sensor network nodes use self-organization to form a network, which is vulnerable to attacks. In addition, patient information needs to be kept secret. The computing power of sensor nodes is quite limited, and traditional security and encryption technologies are not applicable. Therefore, an addition algorithm suitable for sensor nodes must be designed.
In short, smart medical care provides a variety of services, including long-term treatment, prevention and early detection of chronic diseases. Through the Internet of Things technology, its development will eventually be to establish a connection between the hospital and the outside, and even with patients. Linked system.
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