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With the opening of ETC systems in Beijing, Shanghai and other places, the ETC system has gradually become familiar to ordinary people and has become a focus of discussion. This article mainly discusses the significance of the ETC system, the composition of the ETC system based on RFID technology, and introduces the latest ETC system solutions in detail.
The meaning of ETC system
Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) is an electronic toll collection system for roads, bridges and tunnels that is being developed and popularized internationally. RFID 5.8G products are used in the electronic non-stop toll collection system of highways, enabling the majority of car owners to realize non-stop payment. The specific advantages are as follows:
Save time and improve charging efficiency
The implementation of non-stop toll, on the one hand, allows vehicles to pass through at high speed (tens of kilometers or even more than 100 kilometers). Compared with the traditional manual toll ticketing in 8 seconds, the non-stop toll greatly accelerates the capacity of expressway toll crossings. According to estimates, compared with manual toll lanes, the capacity of ETC lanes will increase 4-6 times, thereby reducing vehicle congestion. Using the ETC system saves time from the perspective of car users and makes driving safer. From the perspective of the owner, the charging efficiency is improved.
Save energy and improve the quality of environmental protection
Significantly reduce the noise level and exhaust emissions of toll gates, and reduce environmental pollution. This one is fuel-efficient from the perspective of car users. From the perspective of society as a whole, it is more environmentally friendly and greener.
Reduce fees and management costs and infrastructure costs
The electronic toll collection of highways reduces the labor intensity of staff, reduces the chances of toll collectors making mistakes and participating in fraud, plugs the loopholes in toll collection, saves a lot of manpower and material resources, and reduces the cost of toll management, which is beneficial to Improve the operational efficiency of vehicles. This is the greatest benefit to the owner.
Provide traffic management data and tools
Through real-time collection of toll data, the transportation department can timely grasp complete road and bridge traffic flow information and toll conditions, carry out reasonable distribution, overall diversion and management of traffic volume, and provide a scientific basis for new roads and bridges. This article helps to improve the government’s traffic management level. Improve the quality of our travel.
The progress and status quo of ETC development in China
Following the official release on March 17, 2007, the national standard GB/T20851 “Special Short-range Communication for Electronic Toll Collection”, which guides the application of electronic toll collection on highways in China, and the promotion by the transportation department. The dispute over standards for China’s ETC development has finally come to an end. The previous European standards, Japanese standards and national standards disputes, 915M products, 2.4G products and 5.8G products finally landed in the dust. China chose its own national standard, 5.8G.
The standard has been established. China’s ETC industry and applications are also booming. There are already more than ten manufacturers of ETC products. Among them, there are many manufacturers that can provide overall solutions. So far, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta regional expressway networking non-stop toll demonstration project organized by the Ministry of Transport is progressing smoothly. It has been opened in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and other places. As of January 2009, ETC lanes have been opened. The number is around 240.
At present, most ETC manufacturers are companies with smaller scales and fewer product categories. The entire ETC system includes many products, with the exception of the relatively mature clearing and accounting system for infrastructure construction and charging systems. The ETC system also includes key products such as OBU, RSU, issuing tools, key systems, ESAM, PSAM and CPU cards. The current manufacturers are doing their own things and lack close cooperation with each other. The producers of OBU and RSU don’t know much about the key system. Those who produce CPU cards do not know about OBU and RSU. The current status quo requires the emergence of more powerful companies that have a comprehensive grasp of the overall system, become a provider of overall solutions, and then become a service provider of ETC services. At present, Watchkey is the only provider in China that provides total solutions for ETC’s OBU, RSU and related systems, keys and related systems, IC cards and related systems.
ETC system solutions
Key equipment
The key equipment and systems of the two-chip active ETC system suitable for the Chinese national standard mainly include the electronic toll on-board unit OBU (RFID electronic tag), the electronic toll roadside unit RSU, the embedded security access module ESAM, the electronic toll PSAM card, and the electronic toll collection. It is composed of IC card and key system. Among them, RFID technology is an important key technology in the ETC field. Only by using this technology can the DSRC communication of the ETC system be successfully carried out. With the development and improvement of this technology, the ETC system will be fully developed.
OBU/RSU and related systems
The Quipass series OBU, RSU and related systems provided by Watchkey mainly include OBU, RSU and issuing tools.
The product adopts 5.8G frequency band dedicated short-range communication (DSRC, Dedicated Short Range Communication) technology for one-way or two-way interactive communication, which complies with China’s national standard GB/T20851-2007 promulgated in May 2007.
RSU
Quipass 111 RSU is a DSRC roadside unit. This product is designed and developed in accordance with the latest ETC&DSRC Chinese national standard GB/T20851-2007 promulgated in May 2007.
It is composed of a high-gain directional beam control read-write antenna and a radio frequency controller. The high-gain directional beam control read-write antenna is a microwave transceiver module, responsible for signal and data transmission/reception, modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, encryption/decryption; the radio frequency controller controls the transmission and reception of data and processes the upper computer Module for sending and receiving information.
Picture of Quipass 111 RSU
Table 1 Features of Quipass 111 RSU
OBU
Quipass 011 OBU is an active two-chip vehicle-mounted unit. The product is designed and developed in accordance with the latest ETC&DSRC Chinese national standard GB/T20851-2007 issued in May 2007, and adopts an integrated chip solution. The main advantages are product consistency, good stability, small frequency drift with temperature, convenient product production, and no debugging.
Installed on the inside of the front windshield of the vehicle. OBU mainly stores the information (such as ID information, identity information, attribute information, etc.) of the identified objects (such as vehicles, containers, goods, etc.). As a communication repeater that interacts with the microwave antenna of the roadside unit (RSU), the data exchange between the IC card and the RSU can only be completed through the OBU.
Figure 2 Quipass 011 OBU
Table 2 Quipass 011 OBU
Issuing tools
In the application of the ETC project, the issuance of OBU is divided into three stages: 1. Initialization (this link is completed in ITSC); 2. One issuance in the province; 3. The second issuance in the province; the issuance equipment mentioned here is actually It is to complete the work of the first and the second issuance in the province. Existing OBU manufacturers can provide two types of solutions to the issuance equipment. The first type is the issuance and the secondary issuance completed by one device; the second type is the online desktop issuance equipment for the primary issuance and the secondary issuance. Offline handheld publishing equipment to complete the publishing work.
The method adopted by the company is to combine the advantages of the above two types of solutions and propose a new solution: provide two issuance equipment, one of which is a desktop online issuance equipment, which can complete one-time issuance and two-time issuance. Issuing work; another issuance device is a hand-held issuance device, which can be used online or offline to complete the second issuance.
ESAM/PSAM and key issuing system
ESAM products
The main functions of ESAM used in OBU are as follows:
Data security storage function;
Data security reading function;
Hardware DES coprocessor;
TDES encryption and decryption calculation function;
TDES MAC calculation function;
File access control function;
Disassembly judgment flag safety setting function.
The product features are as follows:
The security of the hardware platform: high security level-high-end ITSEC E4 level; ROM and EEPROM security; true random number generator RNG; DES accelerator and RSA coprocessor; high frequency/low frequency and high voltage/low voltage detection; data Encryption and address crosstalk; anti-DPA/SPA attack;
The characteristics of the DES algorithm: the principle of diffusion and confusion; block encryption system; symmetric key cryptosystem; strong security and strong key management.
PSAM products
It is produced specifically for the needs of fast traffic and transactions in the transportation industry such as buses, rails, and highways. After 4-5 years, it has expanded to many fields and industries, forming a de facto technical standard and application mode. The ETC system using high-speed PSAM card has a special command system and safety mechanism to ensure the legality, validity and transaction safety certification of OBU. At the same time, taking into account the current safety requirements of many equipment and certification, the high-speed PSAM is gradually integrated into the PKI system and can provide PK functions.
The performance parameters are as follows:
16Bit microcontroller;
0.22μm process;
Working temperature: -25 to +85°C;
The working voltage is optional in 1.8V, 3.0V and 5.0V;
Support ISO/IEC 7816 T=0 communication protocol;
The fastest time for a 3DES operation can reach 5.3 microseconds;
The internal clock frequency can reach up to 33MHz;
Communication rate: fixed 9600bps; 38400 bps, 56kbps, 112kbps in line with PPS, up to 224kbps;
Support PK function, with PKI system;
The number of erasing and writing is not less than 500,000;
Data capacity: 16Kbytes, 32Kbytes and 64Kbytes.
Watchdata high-speed PSAM cards were first provided to the Ministry of Construction in 1999 for use in Shanghai Oriental Transportation Cards. So far, they have been used in construction, rail transit, and transportation tolls and other industries. They are mainly installed in bus vehicles, Taxi meter, rail transit gates, highway toll facilities, consumer and recharge terminals of various public utilities.
Key system
In the ETC system, the key management system is responsible for completing the processes related to the safe injection, generation, preservation, transfer, update, restoration, and destruction of keys. Use and management must have a dedicated business department and dedicated personnel to be responsible, and establish related use and management systems.
The key system has the following characteristics:
The key management system can be divided into one-level, two-level or multi-level management modes according to different business and management needs;
Generate the leadership card, which is used to generate the most primitive seed data of the system, which is generally generated by the input data of the relevant leaders of the user department;
Generate master control card: Combine the most primitive seed data generated by N leader cards into a data group of a specific length as the most primitive seed data of the system;
Key master card: use a specific decentralization factor to decentralize the original cryptographic data to generate the most original master key of various keys in the system;
The key mother card can be divided into multiple levels, and the first, second or multi-level key mother card can be generated according to different application needs;
Application key mother card: the key mother card used to issue various application cards, such as user card mother card, ESAM issuing mother card, key modification/recovery key mother card, PSAM issuing mother card, etc.
IC card and related systems
Dual interface CPU card
CPU card is also abbreviated as smart card. It uses a microprocessor chip as the card core and is composed of hardware and software, including hardware MPU (microprocessor), RAM (random access memory), ROM (read only memory), and software monitoring program Or operating system COS, etc.
COS refers to the respective operating systems developed by chip companies or major card manufacturing companies that produce IC cards. Watchkey’s TimeCOS has the following characteristics:
Supports the realization of multiple different applications on one card, and a three-level directory can be established;
Support e-wallet function, the size of the wallet can be set according to application requirements;
Support a variety of file types, including binary, fixed-length records, variable-length records, loops, wallets, etc.;
Support multiple communication rates;
Support digital signature algorithm;
Support Triple DES algorithm;
Support secure hash algorithm, apply SHA algorithm to compress data;
Support line protection function, which can prevent communication from being illegally stolen or tampered with;
Can be used as a security module, using temporary working keys for DES encryption, decryption or MAC operations;
Support a variety of capacity options;
Tailorability, can delete, modify, and add commands according to user needs to meet special application needs.
Generally speaking, the CPU card with COS operating system has the advantages of large storage capacity, good data confidentiality, strong anti-interference ability, reliable storage, simple reading and writing equipment, fast operation speed, and strong offline working ability. Its application scope Extensive, has penetrated into fields such as finance, retail services, social security, transportation and tourism, medical care, government administration, education, etc.
System advantages
Highway toll owners generally encounter some difficulties when conducting toll collection services, such as difficulty in land acquisition at lane toll stations, high fees, high labor toll costs, and long waiting time for toll vehicles during peak hours. The above solution provides high-speed and safe ETC electronic toll collection system for customers in the highway toll industry.
Professional security management
Watch Company has long-term technology accumulation in the fields of data security, trusted computing technology, and transaction authentication, and has obtained a number of invention patents. And participated in the formulation of the People’s Bank of China’s financial IC card specifications. China’s first ESAM products have been widely used in various industries, and can provide a complete set of solutions combining ETC and MTC for the transportation field.
Stable product
The program uses China’s leading integrated chip design technology, which greatly improves the consistency and stability of the product.
High-performance business processing
Combining dual interface cards and ESAM products and technologies, systematically optimized for highway applications to ensure that the overall transaction time is industry-leading.
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