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Background introduction
In recent years, with the continuous growth of car ownership, road carrying capacity has reached saturation in many cities, and problems such as traffic safety, travel efficiency, and environmental protection have become increasingly prominent. In this context, automotive networking technology is expected to have the functions of greatly alleviating traffic congestion, improving transportation efficiency, and improving existing road traffic capabilities, and has become a current focus and hot spot. Countries and regions such as Europe, the United States, and Japan have conducted research and application of intelligent transportation and vehicle information services earlier.
Internet of Vehicles and Internet of Things
The Internet of Things is a basic information platform with ubiquitous attributes that takes the Internet as the main body, is compatible with various information technologies, and provides customizable information services for different fields of society. With the development of information technology and the continuous evolution of people’s information needs at different stages, the concept and connotation of the Internet of Things are due to the wide range of access objects, the complexity of the application of technology, the uncertainty of service content, and the understanding and understanding of different social groups. In pursuit of differences, it is difficult to use existing concepts and standards to accurately and completely give an authoritative definition. However, the emergence of the concept of the Internet of Vehicles has aroused widespread concern in the industry due to its clear service targets and application requirements, relatively concentrated application technologies and fields, relatively unified implementation and evaluation standards, and relatively determined social applications and management requirements. The most important branch of the Internet of Things that can break through the application field, and has become the current research focus and hotspot.
The Internet of Vehicles, which originated from the Internet of Things, uses vehicles as the basic information unit to improve transportation efficiency, improve road traffic conditions, and expand information interaction methods, thereby realizing intelligent traffic management, making the original broad concept of Internet of Things technology suitable for modern transportation Be concretely reflected in the environment. Based on the basic theories and models of the Internet of Things, this paper studies the basic concepts, architecture, communication architecture and key technologies of the Internet of Vehicles with the construction of an intelligent transportation system dominated by information technology as the background.
Basic concepts and classification of car networking
The concept of the Internet of Vehicles is the realization of the concept of the Internet of Things for industry applications. The Internet of Things is based on the Internet, using radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless data communication and other technologies to construct a network system covering everything in the world to realize the automatic identification of any object and the interconnection and sharing of information. The Internet of Things does not deliberately emphasize the types of objects, but rather emphasizes the acquisition and exchange of information in the physical world, in order to achieve the current Internet untouched areas of information exchange between objects and objects. The Internet of Vehicles is the landing point of the concept of the Internet of Things, limiting this specific physical world to cars, roads, people and cities. The Internet of Vehicles uses the electronic tag RFID mounted on the vehicle to obtain the vehicle’s driving attributes and system operating status information, uses GPS and other global positioning technologies to obtain vehicle driving position and other parameters, and uses 3G and other wireless transmission technologies to realize information transmission and sharing. Through RFID and sensors Obtain the usage status of transportation infrastructure such as roads and bridges, and finally realize the monitoring of vehicle operation and provide various comprehensive transportation services through the Internet information platform.
From a technical perspective, the Internet of Vehicles technologies mainly include electronic tag technology, location positioning technology, wireless transmission technology, digital broadcasting technology, and network service platform technology.
From the perspective of system interaction, there are mainly vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems, vehicle-to-person communication systems, vehicle-to-road communication systems, vehicle-to-integrated information platform communication systems, and road-to-integrated information platform communication systems. The vehicle-to-vehicle communication system emphasizes the end-to-end communication between things. This end-to-end communication allows any vehicle to become a server or a communication terminal. The vehicle-to-road communication system enables vehicles to obtain information in advance of the operation status of road infrastructure, such as whether a road is under maintenance, whether a bridge has too much water, etc., to facilitate the smooth passage of vehicles. The vehicle-integrated information platform communication system is a comprehensive platform that gathers information such as vehicle driving status and provides comprehensive statistical information such as road conditions and vehicle monitoring, as well as personalized information such as travel reminders and safe driving. The purpose of the communication system between the road and the integrated information platform is to maintain the operating conditions of the road infrastructure and to replace the aging and poorly operating equipment in a timely manner.
From the perspective of application, the Internet of Vehicles technology can be divided into monitoring application systems, driving safety systems, dynamic road conditions information systems, and traffic incident protection systems. The monitoring application system is mainly used for operation monitoring and decision support of government departments or vehicle management departments. It is mainly divided into two types of systems: road infrastructure safety monitoring and vehicle driving status monitoring. The monitoring of the safety of road infrastructure is mainly to obtain the detection information returned by the monitoring equipment installed on the roads and bridges at regular intervals, to check the damage degree of the infrastructure, the application status, etc., to provide an important reference for the maintenance of the transportation infrastructure. Vehicle driving status monitoring is mainly to monitor the driving route and driving parameters of the vehicle, such as fuel consumption, vehicle condition and other information, provide visualization of urban traffic flow distribution, and provide auxiliary decision-making for congestion relief. The driving safety system mainly refers to the safety monitoring of the vehicle driving process and the safety recommendations after analyzing the driving behavior of the vehicle. During the driving of the vehicle, through the interaction of the Internet of Vehicles information, the road conditions ahead can be obtained, and safe traffic accidents can be avoided. Such as active evasion after an accident in front of a foggy expressway. In addition, by uploading and analyzing the vehicle’s fuel consumption, driving status and other parameters, the vehicle information mining is carried out on the server side, and some vehicle driving safety recommendations are proactively provided, such as whether it needs to be maintained and whether a certain part needs to be replaced. The dynamic road condition information system mainly uses the running speed of the driving vehicle and GPS positioning technology to obtain road driving condition information and realize the release of road condition dynamic information. The traffic incident security system mainly uses vehicle accident detection and reporting mechanisms to provide auxiliary support for accident detection, avoidance, and diversion.
In short, the Internet of Vehicles uses vehicles, roads, and road infrastructure as basic nodes and information sources, and realizes information interaction through wireless communication technology, thereby realizing the harmony and unity of “vehicles-people-roads-cities”. With the development of Internet of Things technology, as well as the development of intelligent transportation and smart cities, concept vehicles and system prototypes using Internet of Vehicles technology have been vigorously developed.
Analysis of Key Technologies of Internet of Vehicles
RFID radio frequency identification technology. The Internet of Vehicles uses RFID technology combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, etc., to build an Internet of Things that is composed of a large number of networked RFID terminals, which is larger than the Internet. Therefore, RFID technology is the basic technology to realize the Internet of Vehicles. my country’s RFID lacks key core technologies, especially in UHF RFID.
RFID working principle
2. Sensing technology. Sensing technologies such as the use of sensors and automobile buses to collect the operating parameters of vehicles, roads and other transportation infrastructures need to be customized according to the operating parameters of different objects. For example, vehicles need operating parameters such as fuel consumption, brakes, and engines, while bridges need parameters such as pressure and aging. Sensing technology is the key technology to realize the data collection of the Internet of Vehicles.
3. Wireless transmission technology. The wireless transmission technology sends the data collected by the sensor to the server or other terminal, or receives the control instruction to complete the remote control of the object. Only through wireless transmission technology can the exchange and sharing of information be realized.
4. Cloud computing technology. Perform comprehensive processing and analysis on the collected object data, and provide various comprehensive services. The Internet of Vehicles system obtains the services provided by cloud computing through the network in an on-demand and easily expandable manner.
5. Vehicle networking standard system. Standards are an important sign of the rise of an industry. Only by establishing a set of easy-to-use and unified standard systems for the Internet of Vehicles can the mutual communication between different objects be realized, and the integration of different Internet of Vehicles systems can drive the rapid development of the automobile and transportation industries.
6. The security system of the Internet of Vehicles. Including the security of the Internet of Vehicles after the informatization of the objects, the security of the transmitter, the security of the transmission technology, and the security of the server. Safety is a prerequisite to ensure that the Internet of Vehicles system can be quickly promoted.
7. Positioning technology. Improve the position accuracy of objects in the current Internet of Vehicles through GSP and wireless positioning technology. Through the improvement of positioning accuracy, the driving position of the vehicle will be accurately obtained, and the accuracy of real-time road conditions and the accuracy of traffic incident positioning will be improved.
Car networking architecture
The perception layer is responsible for the comprehensive perception and collection of vehicle itself and road traffic information. It is the nerve ending of the Internet of Vehicles and the most significant part of the Internet of Vehicles “outstanding” in the Internet of Things. Through sensors, RFID, vehicle positioning and other technologies, real-time perception of vehicle conditions and control systems, road environment, vehicles and vehicles, vehicles and people, vehicles and road infrastructure, vehicle current location and other information, provide comprehensive and primitive terminals for IoV applications Information service.
The network layer integrates the data of the perception layer by formulating a dedicated network architecture and protocol model that can cooperate with heterogeneous network communication; by shielding the type of communication network from the application layer, it provides transparent information transmission services for applications; The comprehensive application of computing, virtualization and other technologies makes full use of existing network resources to provide powerful application support for upper-layer applications.
At the application layer, various applications of the Internet of Vehicles must be compatible with possible future network expansion functions on the basis of the existing network system and protocols. Application requirements are the source of power to promote the development of Internet of Vehicles technology. While achieving high-end functions such as intelligent traffic management, vehicle safety control, and traffic incident warning, Internet of Vehicles should also provide Internet of Vehicle users with vehicle information query, information subscription, event notification, etc. Various service functions.
Security capabilities, the communication characteristics of the Internet of Vehicles restrict the security and communication capabilities of Internet of Vehicles information. Security capabilities provide key management and identity authentication capabilities for the Internet of Vehicles to ensure the authenticity of vehicle information; provide information security protection functions to ensure that data is not destroyed, tampered or discarded during transmission; provide accurate location information to achieve Retracing the positioning and path of the vehicle; providing accurate clock information to ensure the time synchronization of the real-time business of the Internet of Vehicles, especially the safety application.
Management ability, as the control center of the Internet of Vehicles, the management ability provides the ability to manage networked vehicle information and road condition information, and realizes the free and seamless switching between vehicles, between vehicles and road infrastructure, and between different networks; The QoS management of networked communication provides different network priority services according to different networked vehicle information and business types.
Telematics needs and challenges
The Internet of Vehicles is essentially an application form of the Internet of Things technology, and the challenges of the Internet of Things also bring challenges to the implementation of the Internet of Vehicles. At the same time, due to the rapid expansion of the number of vehicles, the Internet of Vehicles is also facing huge demand. The main requirements and challenges facing the Internet of Vehicles are:
The problem of unified identification of car networking information. In order to realize the interconnection and intercommunication of objects, the first problem to be solved is the problem of unified coding. The development of the Internet of Vehicles requires a unified article coding system, especially the national article coding standard system. This unified item coding system is the key to the Internet of Vehicles system to realize information interconnection and intercommunication. However, because the concept of the Internet of Vehicles has just emerged, the relevant unified coding specifications have not yet been issued, and each demonstration prototype system has established an independent coding identification system according to their own needs. This has brought obstacles to the interconnection between different systems and even different industries in subsequent industries.
IP address problem during network access. Every item in the Internet of Vehicles needs to be addressed in the network, so an address is needed. As IPv4 resources are about to be exhausted, the transition to IPv6 is a long process. Including equipment, software, networks, operators, etc., there are compatibility issues.
The degree of informatization of the collection equipment is low. At present, the transportation infrastructure such as roads and bridges has not been electronically managed, and its intelligence is low. Traditional equipment can only have networking capabilities through information processing such as sensors and acquisition equipment. The extensive coverage of the informatization transformation of these transportation infrastructures, the large amount of investment, and the long construction period are all problems currently faced by the Internet of Vehicles to achieve terminal informatization transformation.
Information security of the Internet of Vehicles. The security issues of the Internet of Vehicles mainly come from three aspects: the security issues of the traditional Internet, the security issues brought about by the Internet of Things, and the security issues of the Internet of Vehicles itself. There is no specific standard for data transmission and message exchange in the Internet of Vehicles, so a unified security protection system is lacking. The number of nodes in the Internet of Vehicles is huge, and they exist in clusters, which will cause network congestion due to data transmission from a large number of machines during data transmission. The perception nodes in the Internet of Vehicles are deployed in facilities such as moving vehicles. If they are damaged by an attacker, it is easy to cause danger to life and damage to road facilities. Therefore, the information security in the Internet of Vehicles is very important and affects the future development and implementation of the Internet of Vehicles.
The maturity of the Internet of Vehicles-related software and service industry chain. At present, the concept of the Internet of Vehicles has just emerged, and a more mature software platform and service application have not yet appeared. The transportation industry often requires higher safety requirements, such as ensuring driving safety. If the relevant software and hardware platforms have not undergone large-scale application testing, it is bound to greatly reduce the application prospects of the Internet of Vehicles.
Compatibility of related technologies. The Internet of Vehicles is an integrated body of related technologies, including sensor technology, recognition technology, computing technology, software technology, nanotechnology, embedded intelligent technology, etc. The incompatibility or weak foundation of any one technology will make the promotion of the entire car networking system difficult.
The Internet of Vehicles is a brand-new network application, the application of the Internet of Things technology in the field of intelligent transportation, and the core foundation of a new generation of intelligent transportation systems. After analysis, we can see that the Internet of Vehicles is the development direction of the next generation of intelligent transportation systems and a typical demonstration application of the next generation of the Internet in my country. The Internet of Vehicles will drive the rapid development of the automobile and transportation industries.
On the other hand, the Internet of Vehicles technology also faces many challenges. Generally speaking, the research in this field is still in its infancy, and the research on various key technologies is still not perfect. Some prototype systems that have been proposed are still far from being practical. Researchers still need to continue their efforts. It is believed that with the continuous deepening of research, the Internet of Vehicles will realize the harmonious and unified development of “cars-people-roads-cities”.
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