Discussion on the Application of RFID in Ordnance Storage and Transportation Management
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Alan Estevez, Deputy Secretary-General of Supply Chain Integration of the US Department of Defense, said that the introduction of radio frequency technology allows the Department of Defense to better support the soldiers on the front, making the storage and transportation management of ordnance warehouses better, and the operation of various weapon systems more smoothly, with a minimum of weapons. Inventory, exert the greatest attack firepower.
One implementation concept
In recent years, due to the improper management of military products and the memory of a few unscrupulous officers and soldiers in various units of the National Army (Note: Taiwan Army), incidents of military product theft and outflow have been frequently reported. Among them, the improper management of firearms and ammunition has greatly affected social security. The use of current RFID radio frequency technology can effectively manage the national army’s smart military products, personnel and equipment carrying, return, maintenance, logistics management, account book inventory… etc. Through advanced information equipment (back-end server database) to record item by item, reduce the transcription of paper records and greatly reduce manpower hours. Under the guidance of the current national army’s advanced policy and guidelines, it is an effective and implementable management concept and mechanism.
The initial system planning practice of this case was verified by the implementation of the storage and transportation management of the school’s armory. The content of the planning implementation concept is as follows:
(1) Use the radio frequency card to effectively manage the access control of the armory management personnel and students, and the certificates and permissions for opening the armory management system.
(2) The guns are equipped with radio frequency tags to effectively control the quantity they carry out and return; the time of collection and return; the maintenance and repair operations records of the guns.
(3) Use programmable logic controller (Programmerable Logical Controller), limit switch (Limit Switch), storage position light signal system, control warehouse storage gun storage position, automatic storage position inventory operation and light signal guidance instructions.
(4) Build a platinum temperature sensor to monitor the temperature of the storage environment in real time 24 hours a day.
(5) Use the built-in memory and back-end database data of radio frequency tags to promote equipment e-learning (knowledge management establishment).
(6) System planning and establishment (Figure 1).
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2. Software and hardware system equipment planning
(1) Reader
Use a reader that can read the 13.56MHz frequency band.
(2) Radio frequency tag (Tag)
Mifare card developed by Philips with a frequency band of 13.56MHz.
(3) Programmable Logical Controller (Programmerable Logical Controller)
The purpose of early PLC development was to replace traditional electrical circuits. With the advancement of the electromechanical industry, the functions of PLCs became stronger and smaller, and now they are not limited to the original use of replacing industrial wiring at that time. Functions are developing in the direction of diversification, high function and integration. For example, diversification of grammar, in addition to ladder chart (Ladder Chart), C language or program flow chart (Sequential Function Chart) can also be used for programming. PLC has become one of the universal controllers accepted by countries all over the world. In addition to being small and powerful, in order to cater to various applications, PLC has also developed a variety of modules, such as temperature control, motor positioning, etc.
Calculation Control Department
That is, the central processing unit (CPU) reads and executes the program from the memory section. The action of the CPU is shown in the figure below. After execution, it reads and executes the next step until the program is completed and then repeats the same work. Read here A continuous operation such as output, interpretation, and execution is called a cycle, and the time required to process the whole process is called cycle time or scan time. PLC Scan Time usually also represents its level, and the faster the speed, the higher the price.
Memory Department
A place to store programs and data. Since the action of the PLC is determined by the firmware ladder diagram, the size of the memory will be calculated by the step that can be accommodated. The maximum capacity is determined by the step that the PLC can address. In addition to the memory attached to the host, it can be The external ROM expands its capacity and the external ROM also has a protection function; the memory provides three types of RAM, EEPROM and EPROM for users to choose, and firmware can also be used to determine whether part of the memory block is maintained or non-powered.
Input and output modules
Connect control equipment such as switches or sensors, and process the internal input status. The output port is where you connect indicator lights or motor control equipment, and process the output results. The input specifications vary depending on the PLC of different models, usually DC24V; the output specifications include relay output, SSR and transistor output (open collector loop) in general applications.
Power circuit
The PLC host often includes a power supply part, which provides AC power for the host, or a DC24V DC power supply terminal to provide DC power for photoelectric, proximity and other detectors.
Special module
At the beginning of the design, the PLC was a general-purpose type to replace the traditional electrical circuit. With the emergence of different applications, its flexibility began to be emphasized. Therefore, in addition to the mainframe, PLC manufacturers will also produce various modules for different purposes, allowing users to meet their needs. Expansion like building blocks, such as analog input/output module, temperature module, pulse output, single-axis NC, knob input, seven-segment display output and other special modules. From the application level of PLC, it is widely used in production machinery, such as small machinery: conveyors, packaging machines, etc.; medium machinery: automatic storage, three-dimensional parking lots; large systems: railway signs, subways, etc. PLC has become one of the standard line controllers acceptable to all countries in the world. In addition to traditional writing devices, ladder diagram programming has been gradually changed to computer-based ladder diagram programming in recent years. Each PLC manufacturer has its own ladder diagram programming software, such as MITSUBISHI’s FXGP software and OMRON’s CX- P software. The life cycle of PLC has a history of decades, and its stability and durability are far better than fast-changing PC systems and simple single-chip systems. When designing a system with high security, it is often placed first on the job site. The first line cooperates with external circuits to form a powerful control core, and PLC can program logic to control the unit (as shown in Figure 2).
(4) Platinum temperature sensor
Temperature is a very important environmental parameter in many control systems. With the development of industry, temperature sensing also has a variety of measurement components. Commonly used temperature sensing methods include thermistor, thermocouple, temperature sensing IC, and platinum temperature sensor PT100 , Quartz temperature sensor and so on. Choose different temperature sensing components according to different use occasions. The following describes the temperature sensing component as PT100. PT100, also known as platinum temperature sensor, is made of fine platinum (Pt) wire wound. Because the resistance of a metal conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area and proportional to its length, the material inside the platinum temperature sensor must be thin and long so that the resistance will be large and the temperature sensitivity will increase. The platinum temperature sensor is called PT100 because when the platinum temperature sensor is at 0℃, the double-ended resistance value of the slender platinum wire wound is exactly 100Ω. The resistance value of PT100 will increase as the outside temperature increases, which is called It has a positive temperature coefficient, that is, its resistance increases when the temperature rises, so this feature can be used to sense the temperature. The internal structure and physical map of PT100 (Figure 3).
(5) Graphical monitoring system
Graphic monitoring system refers to the purpose of monitoring the machine with graphic operation interface. In the early days of the industrial revolution, people directly operated machines for production. Until the period of automated production, they changed to controllers to operate machines. In this period, people are faced with the operation panel of the controller. Today’s electronic information revolution has completely changed the form of production, and the interface that people face has been replaced by a computer. Through the communication between the computer and the machine, you can see the position of graphic monitoring in modern automation. In a broad sense, the human-machine interface should refer to the interface relationship and communication channel between humans and machines. For example, the operation panel, indicator lights, man-machine interface software MMI (Man-Machine Interface), etc., are all man-machine interfaces. Nine out of ten work components are dealing with the relationship between humans and controllers. At this stage, the most common MMI software in the Taiwan market include Intouch, Lookout, FIX, and Genie. These PC-based graphics monitoring planning software do not need to write programming language, planning is easy, so it can be easily and quickly executed. However, the application will be restricted by the brand of the controller and the control occasions, and the cost is high, usually based on the point (tag name) based on the price. For software with unlimited points, it usually costs NT$200,000 or NT$300,000 or more. This research uses Borland C++ Builder (BCB6.0) as the development MMI tool to meet the actual application needs, and it is more flexible in the integration of the entire system.
3. Back-end data (software and hardware) system research and development
The school’s ordnance and warehouse storage and transportation management pilot experimental software and hardware design is based on the school’s weapon system course group for students in the weapons class (a group of 40 students, and the warranty group implementation course is divided into eight groups, each with five members). Pilot verification object. The verification items are as follows:
Personnel access
Use the RFID radio frequency system (the frequency is 13.56MHz) to distinguish the access control authority of the library management personnel to enter and exit, and to record the personnel login and logout records at a full time (Figure 4).
Ordnance and firearms borrowing and returning
Using RFID wireless radio frequency system, limit switch (Limit Switch), PLC programmable logic controller, various light signal systems, the loan of ordnance guns, return records, gun storage location, inventory, make full-time dynamic records and Data backup (Figure 5).
Storage temperature control
The platinum temperature sensor system is used to record the dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and relative humidity in the storage environment of military products (ammunition) at all times (Figure 6).
Hypervisor system
Use Borland C++ Builder (BCB6.0) software to develop the man-machine interface of this system, effectively record and control all the action history and time of the aforementioned items (1), (2), and (3).
e-teaching
Using the RFID radio frequency system, the internal memory function of the radio frequency tag (Tag), or the data link with the back-end database, the performance, elements, structure, function, and equipment replenishment records of various warehouses can be recorded in real time Post and update (Figure 7).
4. Benefit evaluation of system introduction
Personnel access
Through RFID wireless radio frequency system authentication, system login password authentication, illegal access to gun sound and light alarm… and other strengthened control actions, it can effectively distinguish the permissions of the warehouse personnel at all levels to enter and exit the warehouse, and to borrow and return guns. The personnel with branch authority and full-time record log off and record the system. Cooperating with the current treasury management practices and regulations of the national army, the security of all kinds of agile military depot storage management will be greatly improved, and the trouble of treasury management personnel filling in control tables and various papers will be reduced.
Ordnance and firearms borrowing and returning
Through the use of PLC programmable logic controller (Programmerable Logical Controller), limit switch (Limit Switch), various light signal systems, the advantages are as follows:
It can completely eliminate the adverse effects of the current RFID radio frequency system on the metal environment or moisture. Significantly increase the stability of the system for smart military products such as ordnance gun lending, return records, gun storage location, and inventory.
In the past, personnel used to borrow and return military products because they were not familiar with storage locations or equipment items, which caused a lot of inconvenience and time-consuming search. Through this system’s light guide, the time spent in the above situation can be greatly reduced, making the storage operation faster and more efficient (Figure 8).
Computer full-time recording and computer real-time data backup can also reduce the time for personnel to fill in a large number of forms and data each time.
Storage temperature control
Taiwan is a subtropical region, with an island climate of high temperature and high humidity, coastal salt damage, multiple platforms and heavy rain effects. The annual average relative humidity (Relative Humidity) is as high as 80%; Many undesirable changes to the equipment will affect the compliance rate, such as “material expansion”, “degradation of insulation properties”, “electric system conduction short-circuit”, “physical strength weakening”, “chemical properties change”, and “lubricant contamination” “Metal oxidation corrosion”, “material plasticity loss”, “ammunition high-temperature pyrolysis, humid hydrolysis, and auto-catalytic deflagration”, etc., have caused the decline of precision weapons, reduced the availability rate, and caused the storage environment to become dangerous. Through the platinum temperature sensor system, the relative temperature and humidity of the storage environment of military products (ammunition) can be recorded all the time, which can effectively reduce the existing manpower to write and record temperature and humidity data every day, and can monitor and control all storage facilities with a minimum of manpower Temperature and humidity. Significantly improve the appropriateness and safety of the storage environment of smart military products (ammunition), while also reducing and saving the time of the warehouse staff.
This case discusses the management of the ammunition warehouse. Because the frequency waves generated by radio frequency may cause electromagnetic radiation hazards (Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance, HERO) to the electric shock of the projectile, only the system will be studied. For the storage temperature control, the RFID radio frequency tag external test was not performed on the ammunition body. In addition, the US Department of Defense stated in a research report in November 2005 that RFID radio frequency active tags and readers should be kept at least one foot away from explosives. However, such a distance has not been set for passive tags and readers. Since the reader must release more energy to activate the passive tag, it is expected that the distance between the reader and the explosive will be more than one foot.
Hypervisor system
Use Borland C++ Builder (BCB6.0) software to develop the man-machine interface of this system, effectively record and control all the action history and time of the aforementioned (1) and (2).
The establishment of knowledge management
Through the RFID radio frequency system, the performance, various elements, structure, functions, and equipment replenishment records of the warehouse can be uploaded and updated in real time. It also integrates and shares the teaching experience and knowledge management of officers at all levels, maintenance (repair) operators, and fully strengthens the traceability of important information on military equipment and e-management of reinsurance history.
Concluding remarks
This case studies the introduction of RFID radio frequency identification technology into the management of the armory warehouse, which greatly saves the inventory personnel and equipment inventory time, the timeliness of equipment loan and return, and reduces the manpower time for the transcription work in the form. The effective control of the temperature and humidity of the storage environment also reduces the storage equipment from moisture and rust (corrosion) conditions. It is a great help to the management gaps created by the national army’s cooperation in organizational reengineering and personnel advancement.
The use of RFID radio frequency identification technology in advanced countries has also been quickly and comprehensively introduced into people’s daily life. It will not only replace bar codes, but also set off a whirlwind in the field of logistics, and will see the large-scale revolutionary application of RFID in various fields such as smart store shopping, animal chips, and electronic money. The use of RFID technology to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises has become the mainstream of an important industry in the world, and the national army also needs to conduct in-depth research and analysis on this topic, and implement verification by selecting the best. However, how to effectively introduce and apply this system in all aspects of the management of the national army still needs to rely on the careful planning of “people” and repeated verification and testing. The goal of management, army building and war preparations has been advanced.
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